Which modifiable risk factor is most closely associated with the development of coronary heart disease in both men and women?

Cigarette smoking is the modifiable risk factor most closely associated with the development of coronary heart disease in both men and women because it directly contributes to the damage of blood vessels and increases the likelihood of plaque buildup in the arteries. Smoking introduces harmful chemicals into the bloodstream, leading to inflammation, reducing oxygen levels in the blood, and causing increased heart rate and blood pressure, all of which are significant contributors to cardiovascular disease.

The effects of smoking are exacerbated in individuals who may already have other risk factors, making it a critical area for intervention. Efforts to reduce smoking rates can lead to substantial improvements in cardiovascular health and lower incidences of coronary heart disease across both genders. By quitting smoking, individuals can significantly enhance their overall heart health and reduce their risk profile.